Combined Presentations

1. Outcome

After completing this Circular, readers will be able to create combined presentations that integrate physical, monetary, and qualitative accounts for ocean accounting, bringing together data from multiple account types--asset accounts (TG-3.1 Asset Accounts), flow accounts (TG-3.2 Flows Environment to Economy and TG-3.4 Flows Economy to Environment), economic activity accounts (TG-3.3 Economic Activity Relevant to the Ocean), social accounts (TG-3.5 Social Accounts), and governance accounts (TG-3.7 Governance Accounts)--into coherent presentations that support analysis and decision-making for specific policy themes. Combined presentations follow the principles of thematic accounting described in SEEA Ecosystem Accounting Chapter 13, enabling the derivation of indicators that span environmental, economic, and social dimensions of ocean-related policy questions^[1].

Combined presentations do not constitute new accounts; rather, they represent an analytical layer that draws on underlying accounts compiled according to the guidance in preceding circulars. Their value lies in presenting integrated views that allow decision-makers to understand the connections between ecosystem condition, economic activity, and human wellbeing in marine and coastal areas.

Critical decision use cases enabled by combined presentations include:

Policy dashboards for ocean management: Combined presentations provide the data foundation for integrated ocean management dashboards used by cabinet ministers, national planning commissions, and coastal management authorities. A typical dashboard presents headline indicators from extent accounts (total area of marine and coastal ecosystems), condition accounts (aggregate ecosystem health index), economic accounts (ocean economy contribution to GDP), and social accounts (ocean-dependent employment), allowing decision-makers to monitor overall ocean status at a glance and identify areas requiring policy attention.

Ocean economy reporting to parliament: Governments increasingly report to legislatures on the contribution of ocean resources to national prosperity and the sustainability of ocean-based development. Combined presentations enable reports that integrate economic output data with asset depletion measures, demonstrating whether growth in ocean sectors is achieved through sustainable use or resource depletion. The depletion-adjusted measures derived from combined presentations align with the 2025 SNA treatment of resource depletion as a production cost, providing legislators with signals about the long-term viability of resource-dependent revenue streams (see TG-1.1 OA and National Budget Processes).

Tracking progress against SDG 14 targets: The Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water) includes targets requiring integrated monitoring across ecological, economic, and social dimensions. Combined presentations support reporting on target 14.7 (increase economic benefits from sustainable use of marine resources) by linking economic indicators from ocean economy accounts to sustainability indicators from asset accounts and ecosystem condition accounts, demonstrating whether economic benefits are increasing alongside or at the expense of marine resource stocks^[2].

Marine spatial planning and integrated coastal zone management: Spatial planning processes require integrated information on where different activities occur, what ecosystem values exist in different zones, and how uses interact. Combined presentations organized by spatial zone integrate data on ecosystem extent and condition, economic activity by location, ecosystem service flows, and governance arrangements (protected area status, zoning designations), enabling planners to identify conflicts, synergies, and priority areas for conservation or development.

This Circular addresses the structure of integrated ocean account frameworks (Section 3.1), approaches to physical-monetary integration (Section 3.2), inclusion of social and governance dimensions (Section 3.3), the compilation procedure for assembling combined presentations from component accounts (Section 3.4), visualization and communication strategies (Section 3.5), and extended balance sheets for ocean wealth accounting (Section 3.6). Section 3.7 presents the holistic ocean dashboard specification, Section 3.8 describes the cross-domain integration protocol, and Section 3.9 addresses sub-national combined presentations. Section 3.10 provides a worked example demonstrating the compilation process using synthetic data for a hypothetical coastal zone.

2. Requirements

Essential prerequisites:

• TG-0.1 General Introduction to Ocean Accounts -- for the conceptual framework and key components of Ocean Accounts
• TG-3.1 Asset Accounts -- for the methodology of physical and monetary asset accounts that form the basis for combined presentations

Helpful background:

• TG-0.2 Overview of Relevant Statistical Standards -- for the classification frameworks and international statistical standards that underpin consistent integration across account types
• TG-3.2 Flows Environment to Economy -- for physical flow accounting of natural resource extraction and ecosystem service use
• TG-3.3 Economic Activity Relevant to the Ocean -- for the ocean economy thematic and extended accounting framework that provides economic data for integration
• TG-3.4 Flows Economy to Environment -- for residual flow accounts documenting pressures on the marine environment

3. Guidance Material

The SEEA Ecosystem Accounting framework recognizes that policy and analysis related to the environment and human connection to it can be framed in many ways, often requiring consideration of specific environmental themes such as biodiversity, climate change, oceans, and urban areas^[3]. The ocean accounts framework responds to this need by integrating data from the SEEA Central Framework, SEEA Ecosystem Accounting, and the System of National Accounts into a coherent information set that supports decision-making for ocean governance.

Combined presentations enable decision-makers to monitor several critical trends: changes in ocean ecosystem extent and condition; changes in ocean wealth including produced and non-produced assets; ocean-related income and welfare for different groups of people; ocean-based economic production; and changes in how oceans are governed and managed^[4]. These are important inputs into a range of ocean governance processes including marine spatial planning, integrated coastal zone management, development planning for ocean sectors, and collaborative resource management.

The Global Ocean Accounts Partnership (GOAP) plays a central role in developing and promoting the ocean accounts framework internationally. The SEEA EA recognizes the existence of an "ocean accounting community of practice" whose objective is to ensure that data common to multiple communities--including those for marine spatial planning, disaster risk, and climate change--are standardized and shared^[5]. The GOAP has supported pilot studies in several countries (see Section 3.2) and continues to advance methodological guidance for implementing combined presentations.

Table 3.8.X: Mapping of framework edges to component accounts

The general ecosystem accounting framework illustrated in Figure 3.8.2 provides the conceptual foundation for combined presentations. It shows how ecosystem assets are measured through extent, condition, and other characteristics, how they supply ecosystem services, and how those services flow to the economy, generating benefits for society.

Figure 3.8.2: General ecosystem accounting framework (adapted from SEEA EA Figure 2.1)^[6]

3.1 Integrated Ocean Account Framework

Structure and components

The ocean accounts framework builds on SEEA EA ecosystem extent, ecosystem condition, and ecosystem services flow accounts, adding accounts for natural resources and physical flows from the SEEA Central Framework and accounts concerning the ocean economy, governance, management, and technology^[7]. Figure 3.8.1 illustrates the coverage of this integrated framework.

Figure 3.8.1: Coverage of the ocean accounts framework (adapted from SEEA EA Figure 13.2)^[7:1]

The core components of an integrated ocean account framework are:

Environmental accounts comprise the physical and monetary measurement of ocean-related environmental assets and flows:

• Extent accounts for coastal and marine ecosystem types (see TG-3.1 Asset Accounts)
• Condition accounts recording ecosystem health indicators (see TG-2.1 Aggregate Biophysical Indicators of Environmental State)
• Ecosystem services flow accounts in physical and monetary terms (see TG-2.4 Ecosystem Goods and Services)
• Individual environmental asset accounts for fish stocks, minerals, and energy resources
• Physical flow accounts for pressures including emissions and waste (see TG-3.4 Flows Economy to Environment)

Economic accounts document the contribution of the ocean to economic activity:

• Ocean economy thematic and extended accounts measuring industry contributions to GDP (see TG-3.3 Economic Activity Relevant to the Ocean)
• Supply and use tables for ocean-characteristic products
• Employment accounts for ocean-related industries
• Investment accounts for ocean infrastructure (see TG-2.6 Ocean Investment)

Social accounts record human dimensions of ocean-society relationships:

• Wellbeing indicators for ocean-dependent communities (see TG-3.5 Social Accounts)
• Equity measures showing distribution of benefits and burdens
• Vulnerability and resilience indicators
• Traditional knowledge and cultural connections (see TG-3.6 Traditional Knowledge)

Governance accounts document institutional arrangements:

• Marine spatial planning coverage and zoning
• Regulatory frameworks and compliance
• Management effectiveness indicators (see TG-3.7 Governance Accounts)

Principles for combining accounts

The SEEA EA identifies three key principles that enable accounts for different themes to be combined into coherent presentations^[8]:

First, there must be a clearly agreed geographical area. For ocean accounting, this is the ocean accounting area, which typically aligns with a country's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) plus territorial waters and coastal zones. For thematic presentations, a focus on more targeted areas (e.g., specific catchments, marine protected areas, or ecosystem types) may be appropriate. The delineation of geographical areas should follow the guidance in TG-0.1 General Introduction to Ocean Accounts regarding the ocean accounting area.

Second, there must be a set of entities that are the focus of accounting. In ecosystem accounting, the focus is on ecosystems; in the SNA, the focus is on economic units; in the Central Framework, the focus is on individual stocks and flows. Combined presentations integrate multiple entity types, requiring consistent classifications that allow linkages across domains. The classification frameworks described in TG-0.2 Overview of Relevant Statistical Standards provide the basis for this consistency.

Third, multiple accounts are required to organize relevant information for a single theme. The SEEA and SNA frameworks demonstrate that no single account captures all relevant information. The same applies to combined presentations: a coherent narrative for ocean sustainability requires extent accounts, condition accounts, service flow accounts, economic accounts, and potentially social and governance accounts.

Links between accounts are possible because of consistent application of a delineated geographical boundary and consistent classifications for agreed entities^[9]. This allows combined presentations to convey a coherent narrative, support derivation of consistent indicators, and enable integration of data into models and analytical tools.

Accounting principles are equally applicable across different spatial scales and entities^[10]. Combined presentations can therefore operate at national, regional, or local scales depending on the policy question being addressed. The SEEA EA notes that choices of geographical area, entity types, and classifications "should be made with a focus on the use of the accounts, including the potential to compare results over time and in different locations"^[10:1]. For ocean accounting, this means that combined presentations for marine spatial planning may operate at local scales (individual bays, reefs, or marine management areas), while those supporting national development planning may aggregate to the full EEZ. Compilers should align the spatial scope of combined presentations with existing administrative boundaries and decision-making processes to maximize utility, following the broader guidance in SEEA EA para. 13.9 on linking geographical scope to existing data and governance arrangements.

The connections between the core ecosystem accounts that underpin combined presentations are illustrated in Figure 3.8.3. Ecosystem extent and condition accounts are mutually informing; condition data feeds into physical ecosystem service flow accounts; physical and monetary service flow accounts are linked through valuation; and monetary service flows provide the basis for monetary ecosystem asset valuation.

Figure 3.8.3: Connections between ecosystem accounts (adapted from SEEA EA Figure 2.2)^[11]

3.2 Physical-Monetary Integration

A distinctive feature of combined presentations is the integration of physical and monetary data to provide complementary perspectives on ocean resources. Physical accounts record stocks and flows in tonnes, hectares, cubic metres, or number of individuals; monetary accounts translate these into currency values that can be aggregated and compared with economic aggregates^[12].

Approaches to integration

Three approaches to physical-monetary integration are relevant for ocean accounting:

Parallel presentation displays physical and monetary accounts side by side, allowing users to examine both dimensions. This approach is particularly useful when physical quantities and monetary values diverge--for example, when the monetary value of a fish stock increases due to rising prices even as physical biomass declines. Parallel presentation preserves information in both dimensions without implying that one takes precedence. The asset account structure in TG-3.1 Asset Accounts provides the foundation for parallel presentation of physical and monetary data.

Hybrid accounts integrate physical and monetary data within a single table structure. The SEEA Central Framework describes hybrid accounts for environmental protection expenditure that show both monetary expenditure and associated physical outcomes (e.g., tonnes of pollutants removed)^[13]. For ocean accounting, hybrid accounts might show investment in coastal protection infrastructure alongside physical measures of coastal erosion or protection.

Extended supply and use tables incorporate physical flows alongside monetary transactions. The SEEA EA describes how physical supply and use tables for ecosystem services can be linked to monetary supply and use tables, enabling analysis of the physical basis of economic activity^[14]. For the ocean economy, this approach reveals the material throughput underlying economic output. The supply and use framework in TG-3.3 Economic Activity Relevant to the Ocean provides the basis for this integration.

Linking ecosystem services to economic activity

A critical integration challenge is linking ecosystem services from marine ecosystems to economic activity. The SEEA EA framework provides the conceptual basis: ecosystem services represent the contributions of ecosystems to benefits, with ecosystem services flow accounts recording the supply by ecosystem types and the use by economic units and households^[15].

For combined presentations, the linkage can be illustrated by tracing provisioning services through to economic output:

1. Ecosystem extent and condition accounts (see TG-3.1 Asset Accounts) record the area and health of fish-supporting ecosystems
2. Ecosystem services accounts (see TG-2.4 Ecosystem Goods and Services) record the biomass provisioning service--fish available for harvest
3. Individual asset accounts (see TG-3.1 Asset Accounts, Section 3.3) record fish stock levels and sustainable yield
4. Physical flow accounts (see TG-3.2 Flows Environment to Economy) record the harvest (extraction from the environment)
5. Economic activity accounts (see TG-3.3 Economic Activity Relevant to the Ocean) record the value added by the fishing industry
6. Social accounts (see TG-3.5 Social Accounts) record employment, income, and wellbeing for fishing-dependent communities

This sequence illustrates how combined presentations trace the pathway from ecosystem assets through ecosystem services to economic activity and social outcomes.

Pilot implementation experience

The ocean accounts framework has proved effective in supporting pilot studies across several countries, each answering policy-relevant questions through combined presentations^[16]. The pilot studies in Samoa, Thailand, and Viet Nam centred on sustainable tourism, linking tourism income, natural resource use, land-based pollution, and ecosystem impacts. China's pilot focused on developing harmonized mangrove maps and improving understanding of environmental assets in Beihai Bay. Malaysia examined food security risk concerning fish stocks along the Straits of Malacca under expected future climate variability. All pilots depended on available data that were often limited, but one important function of the ocean accounts framework was to guide the search for and integration of data^[16:1].

These experiences demonstrate that combined presentations can be compiled even with partial data coverage. Compilers should begin with available accounts and progressively expand coverage as data systems mature, following the incremental implementation approach described in TG-0.1 General Introduction to Ocean Accounts.

Physical-monetary discrepancies

Combined presentations should explicitly address discrepancies between physical and monetary trends, as these often reveal important information for policy. Common discrepancies include:

• Declining physical stocks with stable or increasing values: Rising scarcity can increase unit prices faster than stocks decline, masking physical depletion in monetary terms. This is particularly relevant for fisheries where declining catch per unit effort (CPUE) may coincide with increasing fish prices^[17].
• Increasing physical stocks with declining values: Abundance can reduce unit prices, potentially reducing incentives for sustainable management
• Unvalued ecosystem services: Many regulating and cultural services from marine ecosystems are not captured in monetary accounts, creating gaps between comprehensive physical measures and partial monetary values. The treatment of ecosystem services valuation in TG-1.9 Safe Usage of Monetary Valuation addresses these measurement challenges.

The SEEA EA notes that "monetary values may be a poor guide to physical sustainability" and recommends that combined presentations include both physical and monetary information to support comprehensive analysis^[18].

3.3 Including Social and Governance Dimensions

Combined presentations for ocean accounting extend beyond environmental and economic data to incorporate social and governance dimensions, following the comprehensive scope of the ocean accounts framework.

Social dimensions

The 2025 SNA recognizes that national accounts contribute to measuring wellbeing and sustainability beyond GDP, including through extended accounts for labour, human capital, and household distributional analysis^[19]. For ocean accounting, social dimensions include:

Distributional analysis examines how the benefits and costs of ocean use are distributed across population groups. Combined presentations can show, for example:

• How ocean economy employment is distributed by region, gender, and age group (see TG-3.5 Social Accounts, Section 3.1.2)
• How coastal ecosystem degradation disproportionately affects vulnerable communities (see TG-3.5 Social Accounts, Section 3.3)
• How access to marine recreation varies across income groups

Wellbeing indicators complement monetary measures with broader dimensions of quality of life. The social accounts guidance in TG-3.5 Social Accounts identifies relevant domains including employment quality, food security, health, and cultural connections to the ocean.

Vulnerability and resilience measures document the susceptibility of communities to ocean-related shocks and their capacity to adapt. Combined presentations can integrate data on:

• Economic dependence on ocean sectors
• Exposure to environmental pressures and pollution (see TG-2.7 Pollution and Other Flows to Environment)
• Adaptive capacity indicators

Governance dimensions

Governance accounts document the institutional arrangements that shape ocean use and management (see TG-3.7 Governance Accounts). For combined presentations, governance data provides context for interpreting environmental and economic trends:

Marine spatial planning accounts show the allocation of ocean space across different uses, enabling analysis of how spatial planning decisions relate to ecosystem condition and economic outcomes.

Protected area coverage accounts document the extent of marine protected areas and other area-based conservation measures, which can be related to ecosystem condition and ecosystem service flows. SDG indicator 14.5.1 measures "Coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas"^[20].

Management effectiveness indicators assess whether governance arrangements are achieving their objectives, providing crucial context for understanding why environmental or economic outcomes are improving or declining.

The SEEA EA describes governance accounts as including "explicit consideration of institutional and legal frameworks such as zoning, rules and decision-making institutions, social circumstances of affected populations, and measures of ocean-related risks and resilience to them"^[21].

3.4 Compilation Procedure for Combined Presentations

This procedure assumes that the underlying component accounts have already been compiled following the guidance in the relevant circulars (TG-3.1 through TG-3.7). The steps below address the additional work needed to combine those accounts into an integrated presentation. Understanding this workflow is essential for organizing disparate data sources into integrated analytical products that support decision-making.

Step 1: Define the policy question and presentation scope

The compilation process begins with defining the policy question the combined presentation will address. This determines which accounts to include, the geographical scope, and the temporal frame. SEEA CF para. 6.56 emphasizes that "the structures of combined presentations of monetary and physical data are dependent on the availability of data and the question under investigation"^[22].

For ocean accounting, typical policy questions include:

• Is the ocean economy growing sustainably? (requires asset accounts, economic accounts, and depletion measures)
• How do coastal protection benefits from ecosystems compare to infrastructure costs? (requires ecosystem service accounts, ecosystem extent/condition accounts, and public expenditure accounts)
• Are fishing communities benefiting from improved fish stock management? (requires fish stock asset accounts, economic accounts for fisheries, and social accounts for fishing-dependent communities)

Once the policy question is defined, compilers should document:

• The specific policy decision or analytical purpose the presentation will serve
• The primary users (cabinet, parliament, planning ministry, coastal management agency)
• The geographical scope (national EEZ, specific coastal zone, marine protected area)
• The time period and frequency (annual snapshots, multi-year trends)
• Which accounts are essential versus desirable for answering the question

Step 2: Identify and assemble component accounts

Based on the defined scope, compilers identify the component accounts required and assess their availability and quality. Component accounts may include:

Core accounts (always required):

• Ecosystem extent accounts for relevant marine/coastal ecosystem types
• Economic accounts showing ocean economy GVA and employment
• At least one flow account (either environment-to-economy or economy-to-environment)

Supporting accounts (included as available):

• Ecosystem condition accounts
• Ecosystem services flow accounts (physical and monetary)
• Fish stock or other individual environmental asset accounts
• Social accounts (employment, distributional measures)
• Governance accounts (protected areas, zoning)
• Public expenditure accounts for ocean-related functions

For each identified account, compilers should verify:

• Reference period (does it match the presentation timeframe?)
• Geographical coverage (does it align with the defined accounting area?)
• Classification systems (are they consistent with other accounts?)
• Data quality ratings and limitations
• Update frequency and publication lag

Step 3: Reconcile classifications and boundaries

Before combining accounts, compilers must ensure consistent classifications and boundary definitions. The SEEA CF notes that "any differences in classification need to be resolved before physical and monetary data are combined" (para. 6.88)^[23].

Key reconciliation tasks include:

Geographical boundaries: Verify that all accounts refer to the same ocean accounting area. Where accounts use different spatial units (e.g., administrative regions versus ecosystem spatial units), establish concordance tables or spatial overlays to enable consistent aggregation.

Time periods: Align all accounts to a common reference period. The SEEA CF emphasizes that "it is important to ensure that the source data underpinning the physical and the monetary data relate to the same accounting period" (para. 6.71)^[24]. Where accounts use different reference dates (e.g., fiscal year versus calendar year, or biological stock assessment periods versus accounting years), document the adjustments made.

Product and industry classifications: Ensure that ocean economy accounts, supply-use tables, and physical flow accounts use consistent classifications. Map national classifications to ISIC (industries) and CPC (products) as described in TG-0.2 Overview of Relevant Statistical Standards.

Ecosystem type classifications: Confirm that extent accounts, condition accounts, and ecosystem service accounts use the same ecosystem type classification, typically based on the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology for marine biomes.

Measurement units: Standardize physical units across accounts. For example, ensure fish biomass is consistently measured in tonnes (live weight), ecosystem extent in square kilometres, and carbon flows in tonnes CO2-equivalent.

Step 4: Structure the presentation format

With component accounts identified and classifications reconciled, compilers design the presentation format. The SEEA CF describes a general structure (Table 6.4) that can be adapted for ocean themes, comprising four sections^[25]:

Section A: Monetary flows

• Supply and use of ocean-characteristic products (by industry and product)
• Gross value added by ocean-related industries
• Depletion-adjusted value added
• Environmental taxes, subsidies, and transfers

Section B: Physical flows

• Natural resource inputs (fish harvest, mineral extraction, water abstraction)
• Ecosystem service flows (provisioning, regulating, cultural services by ecosystem type)
• Residual flows (emissions, waste to marine environment)

Section C: Stocks and asset flows

• Closing stocks of environmental assets (fish stocks, ecosystem extent, mineral reserves) in physical and monetary terms
• Depletion and degradation
• Closing stocks of fixed assets (vessels, offshore infrastructure, port facilities)
• Gross fixed capital formation

Section D: Related indicators

• Employment by ocean industry
• Population in coastal zones
• Productivity indicators (GVA per employee, resource productivity)
• Intensity indicators (emissions per unit output, extraction per unit stock)

The column structure should remain consistent across all four sections to facilitate comparison. Typical column headings include:

• Industries (by ISIC division or aggregation)
• Households
• Government
• Capital accumulation
• Rest of world
• Total

Step 5: Populate the presentation and check accounting identities

With the structure defined, compilers populate the combined presentation by extracting relevant entries from component accounts. The SEEA CF emphasizes the importance of maintaining accounting identities: "it is important to ensure that the implicit relationships between quantities and prices are meaningful and reasonable" (para. 6.91)^[26].

Key accounting identities to verify:

• Supply equals use: For each product in monetary terms and each physical flow, total supply must equal total use
• Stock-flow consistency: Changes in asset stocks (closing stock minus opening stock) must equal net additions (total additions minus total reductions)
• Physical-monetary consistency: For marketed flows, the ratio of monetary value to physical quantity must yield plausible unit prices
• GVA aggregation: Sum of GVA across ocean industries must equal ocean economy GVA reported in economic accounts

Where discrepancies arise, compilers should investigate whether they result from:

• Differences in scope between accounts (e.g., residence versus territory recording)
• Timing mismatches (e.g., production versus consumption timing)
• Genuine data errors requiring correction in source accounts
• Conceptual differences requiring explanatory notes

Step 6: Add contextual information and interpretation

The final step is adding contextual information that helps users interpret the combined presentation. The SEEA CF notes that combined presentations "have the potential to serve as a bridge between" scientists and economists (para. 6.59)^[27], requiring clear communication for diverse audiences.

Essential contextual elements include:

• Introduction: Brief statement of the policy question addressed and how the presentation supports decision-making
• Methodological notes: Description of scope, classifications, valuation methods, data sources, and quality limitations
• Interpretation guidance: Explanation of key patterns, trends, and discrepancies visible in the data
• Policy implications: Summary of what the integrated data reveal about sustainability, distribution, or governance effectiveness
• References and links: Citations to underlying accounts and related circulars

For multi-period presentations showing trends, additional contextual information should cover:

• Changes in methodology or coverage affecting time-series comparability
• Revisions made to earlier periods
• Factors explaining observed trends (policy changes, external shocks, data improvements)

3.5 Visualization and Communication

Combined presentations are most effective when designed for communication to diverse audiences. The integration of multiple account types creates opportunities for visualization that reveal connections not apparent from individual accounts alone.

Dashboard approaches

Dashboards provide a compact format for presenting key indicators drawn from combined accounts. The SEEA Central Framework describes combined presentations that bring together information from various accounts to support decision-making^[28]. For ocean accounting, effective dashboards typically include:

Headline indicators that summarize overall status:

• Total extent of marine and coastal ecosystems (from extent accounts)
• Aggregate ecosystem condition index (see TG-2.1 Aggregate Biophysical Indicators of Environmental State)
• Ocean economy contribution to GDP (see TG-3.3 Economic Activity Relevant to the Ocean)
• Ocean-dependent employment (see TG-3.5 Social Accounts)

Trend indicators that show change over time:

• Change in ecosystem extent by type
• Change in condition for key ecosystem types
• Change in sustainable yield versus actual harvest (see TG-2.3 Sustainability Indicators)
• Change in ocean economy employment

Distributional indicators that reveal how benefits and impacts are distributed:

• Ecosystem services by beneficiary type (see TG-2.4 Ecosystem Goods and Services)
• Economic benefits by region and community type
• Vulnerability indicators by population group

Pressure and response indicators that show drivers and policy actions:

• Pollution loads by source (see TG-3.4 Flows Economy to Environment)
• Climate change impacts
• Protected area coverage
• Environmental expenditure

Table 1 provides an illustrative indicator template organized by account domain, drawing on indicator categories derived from ocean accounts^[2:1]. Compilers should adapt this template to national circumstances and priority policy questions.

Table 1: Illustrative Ocean Accounts Dashboard Indicator Template

Indicator derivation

Combined presentations support derivation of indicators that span multiple account types. Examples relevant to ocean accounting include:

Efficiency indicators that relate economic output to environmental inputs:

• Gross value added per tonne of fish harvested
• Employment per hectare of aquaculture
• Carbon emissions per unit of maritime transport output (see TG-2.11 Resource Efficiency)

Sustainability indicators that relate extraction to regeneration:

• Harvest as a percentage of sustainable yield (see TG-2.3 Sustainability Indicators)
• Ecosystem degradation as a share of ecosystem service value
• Depletion as a share of ocean economy value added

Intensity indicators that express environmental impacts relative to economic scale:

• Pollution intensity of ocean industries
• Land/ocean use intensity of coastal tourism
• Resource intensity of aquaculture production

The SEEA EA notes that "there is the potential for data from the accounts to support climate change modelling focused on implications of projected climate change scenarios on economic activity"^[29]. Combined presentations provide the integrated data foundation for such analytical applications. In the ocean context, indicators derivable from ocean accounts include specific measures for ocean conditions such as acidification and concentrations of marine debris, as well as indicators for ocean-related beneficiaries such as income of small-scale fishers^[2:2].

Communication for decision-making

Effective communication of combined presentations requires attention to audience needs. Key considerations include:

Policy relevance: Combined presentations should be organized around policy questions rather than accounting structures. For example, a presentation addressing coastal resilience might draw on extent accounts (mangrove coverage), condition accounts (ecosystem health), economic accounts (coastal protection infrastructure), and social accounts (vulnerable populations).

Accessibility: Technical accounting detail should be supported by summary visualizations and plain-language interpretation. The SEEA EA notes that combined presentations "can be a useful tool for mainstreaming discussion" of environmental themes in broader policy discourse^[30].

Transparency: Combined presentations should document data sources, methods, and limitations, enabling users to assess confidence in the information presented. Quality assurance considerations from TG-0.7 Quality Assurance Principles apply to combined presentations.

3.6 Extended Balance Sheets

Extended balance sheets represent a specific type of combined presentation that integrates natural capital with conventional national balance sheets, supporting comprehensive ocean wealth accounting.

Conceptual framework

The 2025 SNA describes how balance sheets record the value of assets and liabilities at the beginning and end of accounting periods, with the balancing item being net worth^[31]. For comprehensive wealth accounting, the scope of assets can be extended to include natural assets not traditionally recorded in national balance sheets.

For ocean accounting, extended balance sheets incorporate:

Produced assets including vessels, ports, aquaculture infrastructure, and offshore energy installations. These are recorded in conventional national balance sheets and can be allocated to ocean-related sectors. The SEEA EA notes that ocean wealth includes "produced assets (e.g. ports)"^[32].

Non-produced natural assets including:

• Marine fish stocks and other aquatic resources (see TG-3.1 Asset Accounts, Section 3.3)
• Seabed mineral and energy resources (see TG-3.10 Offshore Energy Accounts)
• Coastal land resources

Ecosystem assets representing the monetary value of marine and coastal ecosystems. The SEEA EA provides guidance on valuing ecosystem assets using net present value of expected ecosystem service flows^[33]. Valuation follows the methods described in TG-1.9 Safe Usage of Monetary Valuation.

Ocean wealth indicators

Extended balance sheets support derivation of ocean wealth indicators that complement flow-based measures like ocean economy GDP:

Total ocean wealth: The aggregate value of all ocean-related assets, including produced assets, natural resources, and ecosystem assets.

Ocean wealth per capita: Total ocean wealth divided by population, providing a measure of the asset base supporting each person's potential ocean-derived wellbeing.

Ocean wealth change: The change in total ocean wealth between accounting periods, decomposed into:

• Capital formation (investment in produced assets)
• Natural growth (regeneration of renewable resources)
• Depletion (extraction exceeding sustainable yield)
• Degradation (decline in ecosystem asset values)
• Revaluation (price changes)

Ocean wealth sustainability: The relationship between ocean wealth change and ocean economy output. Sustainable development implies that wealth is at least maintained over time; depletion of ocean wealth to support current consumption represents unsustainable use. This indicator connects to the sustainability indicators in TG-2.3 Sustainability Indicators.

Limitations and caveats

Extended balance sheets for ocean wealth face several limitations that should be communicated in combined presentations:

Valuation challenges: Monetary valuation of ecosystem assets remains methodologically challenging, with the SEEA EA valuation chapters adopted as recommendations rather than full international standards^[34]. Extended balance sheets should present valuations with appropriate uncertainty characterization.

Boundary issues: Ecosystem assets may provide services beyond national economic territory, creating challenges for allocating values to national balance sheets. This is particularly relevant for migratory fish stocks and ecosystem services with transboundary effects. The SEEA EA notes the opportunity to compile global ocean accounts for areas beyond national jurisdiction, where much data are already collected by international agencies^[35].

Non-substitutability: Monetary aggregation of produced and natural assets may suggest substitutability that does not exist ecologically. Extended balance sheets should be accompanied by physical accounts that reveal whether natural asset decline is being offset by produced capital or represents genuine wealth loss.

The SEEA EA observes that "a comprehensive set of ocean accounts enables decision makers to monitor several critical trends" including "changes in ocean wealth, including produced assets (e.g. ports) and non-produced assets (e.g. mangroves, coral reefs)"^[36]. Extended balance sheets provide the framework for this monitoring.

3.7 Holistic Ocean Dashboard Specification

Combined presentations achieve their greatest policy impact when assembled into holistic ocean dashboards that present headline indicators across all four accounting domains -- environmental, economic, social, and governance -- in a single integrated view. This section specifies the structure, indicator selection criteria, and layout for an ocean dashboard that can serve as the primary communication product of an ocean accounting programme. The dashboard design draws on the indicator categories identified in Table 1 (Section 3.5) and extends them into a comprehensive specification suitable for both printed reports and interactive web-based platforms.

Headline indicators by domain

An effective ocean dashboard presents a small number of headline indicators that together convey the overall status of the ocean-society relationship. The selection of headline indicators should satisfy three criteria: policy relevance (the indicator addresses a question that decision-makers actively consider), data availability (the indicator can be compiled from existing or planned accounts), and communicability (the indicator can be understood by non-specialist audiences). The following table specifies the recommended headline indicator set, organized by the four domains of the ocean accounts framework.

Table 3.7.1: Holistic ocean dashboard headline indicators

Countries should adapt this indicator set to national circumstances, adding or replacing indicators to reflect priority policy questions. However, maintaining a consistent core set enables international comparison and benchmarking through the GOAP community of practice.

Dashboard layout template

The dashboard should follow a two-tier layout: a single-page summary providing the overall picture at a glance, and a set of drill-down pages providing detailed analysis for each domain. This structure allows the dashboard to serve multiple audiences -- ministers and executives who need a rapid overview, and technical analysts who require detailed breakdowns.

The single-page summary should present the sixteen headline indicators in a quadrant layout (environmental top-left, economic top-right, social bottom-left, governance bottom-right), with each indicator showing the current value, the trend direction (improving, stable, or declining), and the percentage change from the previous period. A central panel should display one to three cross-domain integration indicators such as depletion-adjusted GVA per capita or the ratio of ecosystem service value to ocean economy output. Colour coding (green for improving, amber for stable, red for declining) provides immediate visual assessment, though the dashboard should remain interpretable in greyscale for printed reports and accessibility.

Each drill-down page should present the full indicator set for one domain, accompanied by time-series charts showing trends over a minimum of five years (where data permit), spatial maps showing geographic variation across the accounting area, and explanatory text highlighting key patterns and policy implications. The drill-down pages should cross-reference related indicators in other domains -- for example, the environmental drill-down should note the economic value of ecosystem services, and the economic drill-down should flag depletion and degradation adjustments. Data tables supporting each drill-down page should be published as downloadable datasets in machine-readable formats, following the interoperability standards described in TG-4.6 Data Harmonisation and Interoperability.

Table 3.7.2: Dashboard layout specification

The dashboard should be updated annually in alignment with the national accounts publication cycle, with a target release date within twelve months of the reference period end. Interim updates for high-priority indicators (such as fish stock status or protected area coverage) may be published on a more frequent basis where data systems permit.

3.8 Cross-Domain Integration Protocol

Integrating data across environmental, economic, and social domains is the defining challenge of combined presentations. While the compilation procedure in Section 3.4 describes the general workflow, this section provides a step-by-step protocol for linking specific account types across domain boundaries. The protocol addresses four critical integration pathways that are frequently encountered in ocean accounting: linking land accounts to coastal zone accounts, connecting water accounts to marine quality indicators, integrating blue carbon into national greenhouse gas inventories, and reconciling plastics flows with waste accounts.

Land accounts to coastal zone

Terrestrial land accounts compiled under the SEEA Central Framework and SEEA Ecosystem Accounting record land use and land cover for national territory, typically stopping at the coastline. Ocean accounts record marine and coastal ecosystem extent from the coastline seaward. The integration protocol bridges these two domains to provide a continuous picture of the land-sea interface, which is essential for understanding how land-based activities affect coastal and marine ecosystems.

The protocol proceeds in four steps. First, establish a common spatial framework that encompasses both the terrestrial coastal strip (typically defined as the area within a specified distance of the mean high-water line, such as 5 km or 10 km) and the nearshore marine zone (extending to the limit of the coastal ecosystem types such as mangroves, seagrass, and nearshore reefs). The spatial framework guidance in TG-1.3 Spatial Units provides the basis for this delineation. Second, reconcile the ecosystem type classification used in land accounts (often based on national land cover classifications mapped to the IUCN GET terrestrial and transitional realms) with the marine ecosystem type classification used in ocean accounts (based on GET marine realm). The concordance should explicitly address transitional ecosystems (mangroves, salt marshes, estuaries) that may appear in both land and ocean accounts, ensuring they are counted once and allocated consistently. Third, compile a linked extent account that shows land use change in the coastal strip alongside marine ecosystem extent change in the nearshore zone, enabling analysis of how coastal development drives marine habitat loss. Fourth, verify consistency by checking that land-based pollution loads recorded in the residual flow accounts (TG-3.4) are physically plausible given the land use composition of the coastal strip.

Table 3.8.1: Land-coastal zone integration checklist

Water accounts to marine quality

Water accounts compiled under the SEEA Central Framework (Chapter 3) record water abstraction, use, and return flows within the hydrological cycle. Marine quality monitoring programmes measure concentrations of nutrients, sediments, and pollutants in coastal and marine waters. The integration protocol links these two information systems to enable analysis of how freshwater management decisions affect marine environmental quality.

The protocol requires, first, identifying the river basins and coastal catchments that discharge into the ocean accounting area. Water accounts for these catchments provide data on return flows (treated and untreated wastewater discharges) and diffuse pollution loads (agricultural runoff, urban stormwater). Second, the return flow data from water accounts should be expressed in terms of pollutant loads (tonnes of nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediments, and biochemical oxygen demand) rather than water volumes alone. This requires combining water volume data with concentration measurements, which may come from water quality monitoring stations operated by environmental agencies. Third, the pollutant loads should be linked to the residual flow accounts in TG-3.4 Flows Economy to Environment, which record emissions from economic activities to the marine environment. Fourth, the resulting pollutant load estimates should be reconciled with marine water quality observations from coastal monitoring programmes, checking that the estimated loads are consistent with observed concentrations given the dilution and assimilative capacity of receiving waters. Discrepancies may indicate unaccounted pollution sources (such as atmospheric deposition or groundwater discharge) or errors in load estimation.

Table 3.8.2: Water-marine quality integration protocol

Blue carbon to GHG inventories

Coastal and marine ecosystems -- mangroves, seagrass meadows, salt marshes, and kelp forests -- sequester and store significant quantities of carbon (collectively termed "blue carbon"). National greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories compiled under the UNFCCC report carbon stock changes for managed lands, but blue carbon ecosystems are often incompletely covered. The integration protocol links blue carbon data from ocean accounts to national GHG inventories, ensuring consistent treatment of carbon flows across accounting frameworks.

The protocol requires compilers to first quantify carbon stocks and stock changes for each blue carbon ecosystem type using the extent and condition accounts in TG-3.1 Asset Accounts. Carbon stock estimates should distinguish between above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, and soil organic carbon, using ecosystem-specific carbon density factors from the scientific literature or national measurements. Second, carbon stock changes should be decomposed into sequestration (carbon uptake by intact ecosystems), emissions from ecosystem conversion (carbon released when ecosystems are cleared or degraded), and emissions from degradation (carbon released from declining ecosystem condition without area change). Third, these carbon flows should be expressed in units consistent with GHG inventory reporting (tonnes of CO2 equivalent, using the standard carbon-to-CO2 conversion factor of 44/12). Fourth, compilers should map the blue carbon flows to the appropriate IPCC reporting categories, noting that the 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines provides specific guidance on wetlands including mangroves and seagrass. Finally, the integrated data should be reconciled with the national GHG inventory to identify any double-counting or gaps, and the combined presentation should clearly document which blue carbon flows are already included in the national inventory and which represent additional information from ocean accounts.

Table 3.8.3: Blue carbon integration framework

Plastics to waste accounts

Marine plastic pollution is a priority policy concern that requires integration of data from waste accounts (recording plastic waste generation, collection, and disposal), residual flow accounts (recording plastic leakage to the marine environment), and marine debris monitoring (recording plastic concentrations in coastal and marine waters). The integration protocol links these data streams to provide a complete material flow account for plastics from production through to marine accumulation.

The protocol begins with the waste accounts compiled under the SEEA Central Framework, which record waste generation by economic activity and waste management (collection, recycling, disposal) by waste type. Compilers should extract plastic waste flows from the waste accounts, using the relevant waste classification categories. Second, plastic leakage to the marine environment should be estimated using a combination of waste management data (uncollected waste, landfill leakage) and pathway analysis (riverine transport, coastal littering, maritime sources). The pollution flow accounts in TG-2.7 Pollution and Other Flows provide guidance on estimating residual flows. Third, marine debris monitoring data (beach surveys, trawl surveys, remote sensing) should be compiled as condition indicators for the relevant marine ecosystem types, following the condition accounting guidance in TG-2.1 Aggregate Biophysical Indicators of Environmental State. Fourth, the complete material flow should be reconciled: total plastic production minus recycling minus managed disposal minus exports should equal domestic accumulation (in landfills and the environment) plus marine leakage, within estimation tolerances. Discrepancies should be investigated and documented.

Table 3.8.4: Plastics material flow reconciliation

3.9 Sub-National Combined Presentations

Many ocean governance decisions are made at sub-national scales -- by provincial governments, municipal authorities, port authorities, and local marine management bodies. This section provides guidance on adapting the combined presentation format for sub-national application, recognising that sub-national compilers typically face more constrained data environments and require simplified indicator sets that can be compiled with available resources.

Adapting the framework for provinces and municipalities

The ocean accounts framework and the combined presentation structure described in Sections 3.1 through 3.8 are designed primarily for national-level application, but the SEEA EA explicitly notes that accounting principles are applicable across different spatial scales. Sub-national combined presentations follow the same general structure (environmental, economic, social, and governance domains) but require adaptation in three areas: spatial scope, data sources, and indicator selection.

For spatial scope, sub-national combined presentations should define the accounting area with reference to existing administrative boundaries (province, district, municipality) and the adjacent marine area over which the sub-national authority exercises jurisdiction or management responsibility. Where the sub-national authority does not have formal marine jurisdiction, the accounting area may be defined as the coastal zone within its terrestrial boundary plus a seaward extension agreed with the national ocean accounting programme. The spatial unit guidance in TG-1.3 Spatial Units applies, with the additional requirement that the sub-national accounting area should nest within the national accounting area to enable aggregation.

For data sources, sub-national compilers will often lack the detailed economic statistics available at national level (such as supply-use tables or detailed industry GVA by sub-national region). Available data may include regional employment statistics, local government revenue data, fisheries landing records from local ports, and environmental monitoring from sub-national agencies. Remote sensing data (TG-4.1 Remote Sensing and Geospatial Data) and citizen science data (TG-4.4 Citizen Science) can supplement official statistics at the sub-national level.

For indicator selection, sub-national presentations should use a simplified indicator set that can be compiled with available data while still covering the four domains. The following table provides a recommended minimum indicator set for sub-national combined presentations.

Table 3.9.1: Simplified indicator set for sub-national combined presentations

This simplified set of twelve indicators represents the minimum viable combined presentation for a sub-national area. As data systems mature, additional indicators from the full national dashboard specification (Section 3.7) can be incorporated.

Aggregation and consistency with national accounts

Sub-national combined presentations must be designed for aggregation to the national level. This requires that sub-national accounting areas are exhaustive (every part of the national accounting area belongs to exactly one sub-national unit) and mutually exclusive (no overlaps). Classification systems used at the sub-national level must be consistent with national classifications, or concordance tables must be maintained to enable consistent aggregation. Where sub-national data are compiled independently by multiple agencies, a coordination mechanism is needed to ensure consistent boundary definitions, classification application, and temporal reference periods. The data harmonisation guidance in TG-4.6 Data Harmonisation and Interoperability provides the technical framework for this coordination.

The relationship between sub-national and national combined presentations should be documented in metadata, specifying: the nesting hierarchy of spatial units, any allocation methods used to distribute national data to sub-national areas (such as pro-rata allocation of national GVA based on employment shares), and any sub-national data that are compiled independently and aggregated upward to the national total. Where discrepancies arise between the sum of sub-national accounts and independently compiled national accounts, these should be treated as statistical discrepancies and documented transparently, following the quality assurance guidance in TG-0.7 Quality Assurance Principles.

Link to TG-3.11

Sub-national combined presentations are a key input to the compilation of ocean sustainability reports at local and regional scales. TG-3.11 Sub-National Ocean Accounts provides guidance on transforming the structured accounting data from combined presentations into narrative sustainability reports suitable for public communication and legislative review. While combined presentations maintain the formal accounting structure (tables, indicators, and methodological documentation), sustainability reports translate these into accessible narratives with policy recommendations. Sub-national authorities preparing sustainability reports should compile the simplified combined presentation described in this section as the data foundation, then apply the communication and reporting guidance in TG-3.11 to produce the final report. The feedback loop between reporting requirements and data compilation priorities should inform progressive improvements in sub-national data collection, with the most policy-relevant indicators receiving priority investment in data quality and timeliness.

3.10 Worked Example: Integrated Coastal Zone Combined Presentation

This section presents a worked example demonstrating how to compile a combined presentation for a hypothetical coastal zone. The example uses synthetic data to illustrate the compilation procedure described in Section 3.4, showing how component accounts are assembled into an integrated presentation that answers a specific policy question.

Scenario and policy question

Policy question: Is coastal development in the Northshore Zone proceeding sustainably, balancing economic growth with conservation of marine ecosystems and coastal protection services?

Accounting area: Northshore Coastal Zone, encompassing 50 km of coastline, extending 12 nautical miles offshore, with total area of approximately 1,200 km2 (at start of period: 152 km2 of mangroves, 82 km2 of seagrass meadows, 605 km2 of coral reef ecosystems, and 370 km2 of continental shelf waters).

Reference period: Calendar year 2025.

Primary users: Regional development authority, national planning ministry, coastal zone management agency.

Step 1: Component accounts assembled

The following accounts were available for the reference period:

Environmental accounts:

• Ecosystem extent account (from satellite analysis and field surveys)
• Ecosystem condition account (from monitoring stations)
• Fish stock asset account (from stock assessment)
• Ecosystem services flow account (physical measures only; partial monetary valuation)

Economic accounts:

• Ocean economy thematic account for Northshore Zone (GVA by industry)
• Employment account (by industry and demographic group)
• Tourism expenditure account

Social accounts:

• Household distributional account (income by coastal/inland residence)
• Employment by gender and age group

Governance accounts:

• Protected area coverage (marine protected area extent and status)

Data limitations: Monetary valuation of regulating services (coastal protection, carbon sequestration) incomplete; governance effectiveness indicators not quantified; full supply-use tables not available.

Step 2: Combined presentation structure

Based on the policy question, the presentation is structured into four integrated sections:

Section A: Environmental status and trends (extent, condition, services) Section B: Economic activity and benefits (GVA, employment, income) Section C: Sustainability indicators (depletion, degradation, pressure-state relationships) Section D: Governance and management response (protected areas, expenditure)

Section A: Environmental Status and Trends

Table 2: Ecosystem Extent and Condition (2025)

Interpretation: The coastal zone experienced net loss of 9 km2 of ecosystem extent during 2025, driven by conversion of mangroves and seagrass to coastal development and degradation of coral reef systems. Condition indices declined across all ecosystem types, with coral reefs showing the most significant decline (0.07 reduction in condition index). The aggregate condition index (area-weighted average) for the zone fell from 0.67 to 0.62, indicating widespread ecosystem stress.

Table 3: Physical Ecosystem Service Flows (2025)

Interpretation: Coral reefs provide the majority of fish provisioning services (1,120 of 1,850 tonnes), while mangroves contribute the most to carbon sequestration (1,800 of 2,560 tonnes carbon per year) and coastal protection (35 of 65 km protected). Recreation services are heavily concentrated in coral reef areas (95,000 of 115,000 visitor-days).

Table 4: Fish Stock Asset Account (2025)

Interpretation: Fish stock declined by 800 tonnes (4.3%) during 2025. Actual catch (1,850 tonnes) exceeded sustainable yield (1,500 tonnes) by 350 tonnes, indicating overfishing and resource depletion. At current extraction rates, fish stocks will continue to decline unless catch is reduced.

Section B: Economic Activity and Benefits

Table 5: Ocean Economy Contribution (2025, million USD)

Interpretation: Ocean-related industries account for 58.6% of the zone's gross value added and 56% of employment. Coastal tourism is the dominant sector (29.6% of GVA, 1,350 employees), followed by coastal construction (10.0% of GVA) and marine fishing (8.2% of GVA). The zone's economy is heavily dependent on ocean resources and marine ecosystem health.

Table 6: Income Distribution (2025, households by location)

Interpretation: Coastal households earn 18% less than inland households on average and have higher poverty rates (22% versus 14%), despite higher dependence on ocean economy employment (64% versus 28%). This suggests that ocean economy jobs, particularly in fishing and aquaculture, provide lower incomes than inland employment, and that coastal communities are economically vulnerable to changes in marine resource availability.

Section C: Sustainability Indicators

Table 7: Integrated Sustainability Indicators (2025)

Interpretation: The zone shows clear signs of unsustainable use. Fish catch exceeds sustainable levels by 23%, leading to stock depletion that reduces the net income from fisheries by 2.8%. Ecosystem extent is declining, and condition indices are falling across all ecosystem types. Nutrient pollution from coastal development and visitor pressure on coral reefs are contributing to ecosystem stress.

Section D: Governance and Management Response

Table 8: Governance and Management Indicators (2025)

Interpretation: Marine protected area coverage (15%) falls short of the national target (25%), with 120 km2 additional area requiring designation to meet the target. Government expenditure on coastal management (USD 2.4 million, or USD 2,000 per km2) may be insufficient given the level of ecosystem stress observed. Enforcement capacity (120 patrol days) is below the planned level (180 days), suggesting monitoring and compliance challenges.

Step 3: Integration and policy implications

The combined presentation reveals several critical findings for the policy question:

Finding 1: Economic growth is undermining the natural asset base. The ocean economy contributed USD 89.5 million of GVA and supported 3,600 jobs in 2025, but this economic activity is associated with ecosystem extent loss (9 km2), declining condition (aggregate index fell 0.04), and fish stock depletion (350 tonnes above sustainable yield). Current development patterns are eroding the natural capital that underpins the ocean economy.

Finding 2: Ecosystem services remain largely unvalued. While partial monetary valuation was possible for fish provisioning (USD 12.5 million GVA from commercial fishing), the regulating services provided by mangroves (coastal protection valued at approximately USD 8-10 million per year based on replacement cost) and carbon sequestration (valued at approximately USD 469,000 per year, applying a social cost of carbon of USD 50 per tonne CO2 to the 2,560 tonnes C sequestered, converted at the standard C-to-CO2 ratio of 44/12) do not appear in conventional economic accounts. Extended balance sheets incorporating ecosystem asset values would more fully represent the zone's wealth.

Finding 3: Benefits and burdens are unequally distributed. Coastal households, which depend most heavily on ocean resources (64% employed in ocean economy), earn lower incomes and experience higher poverty rates than inland households. Ecosystem degradation disproportionately affects these vulnerable coastal communities by reducing fishery productivity and threatening livelihoods.

Finding 4: Management response is insufficient. Protected area coverage (15%) and enforcement capacity (120 patrol days) fall short of targets, while ecosystem indicators continue to decline. Increasing government expenditure on coastal management and expanding protected area coverage are warranted given the economic importance of marine ecosystems to the zone.

Policy implications: To achieve sustainable coastal development, the regional development authority should consider: (1) reducing fishing effort to bring catch within sustainable limits; (2) expanding marine protected area coverage to meet the 25% target, prioritizing coral reef and seagrass conservation; (3) investing in mangrove restoration to enhance coastal protection and carbon sequestration services; (4) developing alternative livelihoods for coastal communities to reduce fishing pressure and income vulnerability; (5) implementing stricter controls on coastal development to reduce nutrient pollution. The combined presentation demonstrates that short-term economic gains are being achieved at the expense of natural capital depletion and ecosystem degradation, requiring policy adjustments to ensure long-term sustainability.

4. Summary

Combined presentations integrate data from multiple account types to support analysis and decision-making for ocean governance. Key principles include:

1. Consistency: Combined presentations draw on underlying accounts compiled using consistent geographical boundaries, entity definitions, and classifications.

2. Complementarity: Physical, monetary, social, and governance data provide complementary perspectives that together support comprehensive analysis.

3. Policy orientation: Effective combined presentations are organized around policy questions rather than accounting structures, with visualizations designed for decision-making audiences.

4. Transparency: Methods, data sources, and limitations should be clearly documented to support informed interpretation.

Combined presentations represent the analytical culmination of the ocean accounts framework, enabling the derivation of integrated indicators and supporting the mainstreaming of ocean sustainability into national policy and decision-making.

Implementation Considerations

For minimum institutional capacity, data infrastructure, and human skills requirements for compiling these accounts, see TG-0.8 Implementation Readiness Assessment. For guidance on adapting these methods to sub-national scales, see TG-3.11 Sub-National Ocean Accounts.

5. Acknowledgements

This Circular has been approved for public circulation and comment by the GOAP Technical Experts Group in accordance with the Circular Publication Procedure.

Authors: [To be confirmed]

Reviewers: [To be confirmed]

6. References